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Interaction with computers has evolved from the command line interfaces (CLI) to the direct manipulation or WIMP (Windows, Icon, Mouse, and Pointer) interfaces and is currently evolving to post-WIMP interfaces containing at least one interaction technique not dependent on classical 2D widgets, such as menus and icons. Moreover, the outcome of an event's execution may vary based on the sequence of preceding events or interactions seen thus far. Its execution may lead to a change in its own state or that of other entities. The execution outcome of an event handler may depend on its internal state, the state of other entities (objects, event handlers), and the external environment. Events cause deterministic changes to the state of the software.
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The end user interacts with the objects by performing actions that manipulate the GUI widgets, thus generating events at the software level.
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Most modern GUI software is developed using event-handler architecture allowing developers to build complex systems using loosely coupled pieces of code and the end users to perform tasks by inputting GUI events in various ways and execution order. Most designers think that the behavior is more difficult to prototype than the appearance and communicating the behavior to the developers is more difficult than the appearance. Most of the GUI applications are built by iterative process of redesigning the UI after user testing. Complexity is further increased when the goal is to create simple but flexible GUIs, e.g., providing default settings for quick and simple usage but allowing more skillful users to modify the settings. From the engineering's point of view, GUI software is often large, possibly more than half of all code of the program, and complex, requiring developers to deal with elaborate graphics, multiple ways of giving commands, multiple asynchronous input devices, and rapid semantic feedback. GUIs constitute a large part of the software being developed today. By allowing the end users to perform multiple tasks simultaneously, GUIs can also lead to higher productivity. In a typical GUI, instead of laboriously typing textual commands to control a computer program, the end user can simply choose commands by activating or manipulating the graphical objects. From the user's point of view, the GUI is intended to make software easier to use by providing the user with visual controls to represent the information and actions available to the user. Ī GUI is the most widely used method for information systems to interact with end users. A GUI takes events (mouse clicks, selections, typing in text fields) as input from users and then changes the state of its widgets accordingly. At any time during the execution of the GUI, these properties have discrete values, the set of which constitutes the state of the GUI. A GUI contains graphical objects each object has a fixed set of properties.
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A GUI is a hierarchical, graphical front-end to a software system that accepts as input user- and system-generated events from a fixed set of events and produces deterministic graphical output.
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The rest of the program is called the application or the application semantics. The UI of a computer program is the part that handles the output to the display and the input from the person using the program. Juha Röning, in Advances in Computers, 2014 2.1.1 Graphical User Interface